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1.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 158(spe): 1-17, ene. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430381

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las plaquetas tienen un papel central en diferentes escenarios fisiológicos, incluyendo la hemostasia; se unen unas con otras en la agregación plaquetaria, lo cual permite formar un coágulo plaquetario. Para que la agregación sea apropiada se requiere del complejo glicoproteico IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) en la superficie plaquetaria. Toda alteración funcional plaquetaria, hereditaria o adquirida, impide la formación adecuada del coágulo y se manifiesta como hemorragia. Las enfermedades plaquetarias hereditarias son raras y, hasta recientemente, fueron ignoradas. Una de las más reconocidas y estudiadas es la trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG), entidad en la cual el número de plaquetas puede ser normal pero la función está alterada. Es un padecimiento autosómico y recesivo que causa hemorragia de diferente intensidad toda la vida y en la cual el problema radica en precisamente en la GPIIb/IIIa. Las hemorragias son típicamente mucocutáneas: equimosis, púrpura, epistaxis, gingivorragia; menos frecuentes son la hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemartrosis o en sistema nervioso central. La hiperpolimenorrea es común en las mujeres y llega a ser tan importante que amerita transfusiones en la menarca. La TG afecta a todos los grupos étnicos y su prevalencia varía entre 1/40,000 y 1/400,000. A pesar de esta información acerca de la TG en el mundo, hay pocas guías o recomendaciones basadas en la opinión de expertos y experiencias unicéntricas. En México la TG es rara y no se cuenta con una recomendación general para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este documento fue establecer un consenso y hacer sugerencias generales para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.


Abstract Platelets have a central role in several physiological scenarios including hemostasis. Platelets bind each other during platelet aggregation allowing the proper formation of the clot; to be appropriate, platelet aggregation requires the glycoproteic complex IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa). Every platelet function abnormality both, congenital or acquired, impedes clot formation and favors bleeding episodes. Hereditary platelet abnormalities are rare and, until recently, they were almost ignored. Among these disorders, Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is a widely recognized abnormality in which platelet counts may be normal, but their function is affected. GT is an autosomal, recessive disease that causes life-long bleeding of different intensity. Main biochemical abnormality resides in GPIIb/IIIa. Bleeding is typically mucocutaneous: easy bruising, purpura, and nose and gum bleeds; less frequently are gastrointestinal bleeds, hemarthrosis, or intracranial. Menorrhagia and hyperpolymenorrhea are common findings in in women and may be the cause of anemia requiring blood transfusions at fertile age. GT affects all ethnic groups and its prevalence ranges between 1/40,000 to 1/400,000. Despite this worldwide information regarding GT, only a few guidelines and recommendations have been published, most of them based on expert opinions. In Mexico, GT is rare and there is not a general recommendation regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this document was to establish a consensus to suggest a general guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GT in Mexico.

2.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 157(2): 209-214, mar.-abr. 2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1279103

ABSTRACT

Resumen La infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) es la causante de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), con un índice de letalidad alto. La mayoría de los pacientes graves desarrollan un tipo especial de coagulopatía no descrito hasta ahora y la cual se considera ahora la principal causa de muerte. Por esta razón, el tratamiento anticoagulante se ha convertido en una de las piedras angulares del tratamiento de esta infección. Sin embargo, la velocidad con la que se genera la evidencia respecto al uso de anticoagulantes es muy rápida y, en ocasiones difícil de interpretar y contradictoria. Luego de hacer una revisión extensa de la literatura publicada, se hace esta propuesta para el uso del tratamiento anticoagulante tomando en cuenta los recursos disponibles en México.


Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has a high case fatality rate. Most severely ill patients develop a special type of coagulopathy that had not been described before and that is now considered the main cause of death. For this reason, anticoagulant treatment has become one of the cornerstones of the treatment of this infection. However, the rate at which the evidence regarding the use of anticoagulants is generated is quite fast, and sometimes it is difficult to interpret and conflicting. After having performed an extensive review of the published literature, this proposal for the use of anticoagulant treatment is made, taking into account available resources in Mexico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Blood Coagulation Disorders/etiology , Blood Coagulation Disorders/therapy , COVID-19/complications , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Blood Coagulation Disorders/prevention & control , Algorithms , Guidelines as Topic , Mexico
3.
López-Arroyo, José L.; Pérez-Zúñiga, Juan M.; Merino-Pasaye, Laura E.; Saavedra-González, Azucena; Alcivar-Cedeño, Luisa María; Álvarez-Vera, José Luis; Anaya-Cuellar, Irene; Arana-Luna, Luara L.; Ávila-Castro, David; Bates-Martín, Ramón A.; Cesarman-Maus, Gabriela; Chávez-Aguilar, Lénica A.; Peña-Celaya, José A. de la; Espitia-Ríos, María E.; Estrada-Domínguez, Patricia; Fermín-Caminero, Denisse; Flores-Patricio, Willy; García Chávez, Jaime; García-Lee, María T.; González-Pérez, María del Carmen; González-Rubio, María del Carmen; González-Villareal, María Guadalupe; Ramírez-Moreno, Fabiola; Hernández-Colin, Ana K.; Hernández-Ruiz, Eleazar; Herrera-Olivares, Wilfrido; Leyto-Cruz, Faustino; Loera-Fragoso, Sergio; Martínez-Ríos, Annel; Miranda-Madrazo, María R.; Morales-Hernández, Alba; Nava-Villegas, Lorena; Orellana-Garibay, Juan J.; Palma-Moreno, Orlando G.; Paredes-Lozano, Eugenia P.; Peña-Alcántara, Paula; Pérez-Lozano, Uendy; Pichardo-Cepín, Yayra M.; Reynoso-Pérez, Ana Carolina; Rodríguez-Serna, Mishel; Rojas-Castillejos, Flavio; Romero-Rodelo, Hilda; Ruíz-Contreras, Josué I.; Segura-García, Adela; Silva-Vera, Karina; Soto-Cisneros, Paulina M.; Tapia-Enríquez, Ana L.; Tavera-Rodríguez, Martha G.; Teomitzi-Sánchez, Óscar; Tepepa-Flores, Fredy; Valencia-Rivas, María D.; Valle-Cárdenas, Teresa; Varela-Constantino, Ana; Javier-Morales, Adrián; Martínez-Ramírez, Mario A.; Tena-Cano, Sergio; Terrazas-Marín, Ricardo; Vilchis-González, Shendel P.; Villela-Peña, Atenas; Mena-Zepeda, Verónica; Alvarado Ibarra, Martha.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 157(supl.1): S1-S37, feb. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1375490

ABSTRACT

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion transmitted infections) or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology charachterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.

4.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 156(1): 67-77, ene.-feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249872

ABSTRACT

Resumen La hemofilia adquirida (HA) es un trastorno hemostático autoinmune ocasionado por autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra el factor VIII: C. En 52 % de los casos, la causa se desconoce o no se asocia con otra entidad patológica; en el resto, existen factores concomitantes: lupus, artritis reumatoide, cáncer, embarazo y medicamentos. En México no existe registro ni conciencia de la enfermedad entre el personal de salud. Los grupos de mayor incidencia son las mujeres en edad reproductiva y los individuos mayores de 70 años. Se caracteriza por hemorragia grave, sobre todo posterior a traumatismos y parto o cesárea, y equimosis grandes en tronco y extremidades. La sospecha es simple, basta que concurran hemorragia súbita, grave y un TTPa prolongado que no se corrige con plasma. El tratamiento consiste en lograr la hemostasia y erradicar el anticuerpo; lo primero se logra con el factor VII activado recombinante o concentrado del complejo de protrombínico activado. La ciclofosfamida, prednisona o rituximab sirven para erradicar el anticuerpo. La mayoría de los casos no son diagnosticados y la mortalidad es alta. Ya que los médicos desconocen el problema, no se sospecha, no se diagnostica y no se trata. Este documento revisa los datos más recientes de la HA y abunda en el diagnóstico y tratamiento.


Abstract Acquired hemophilia (AH) is an autoimmune hemostatic disorder mediated by autoantibodies directed against factor VIII: C. In 52% of cases, the cause is unknown or is not associated with other pathological entities; in the rest, there are concomitant factors: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, pregnancy, and medications. In Mexico, there is not a registry of AH, and awareness of the disease among health personnel is low. The groups with the highest incidence are women of childbearing age and individuals older than 70 years. It is characterized by severe bleeding, especially after trauma and normal childbirth or cesarean delivery, and large ecchymoses in the trunk and extremities. The suspicion is simple, it just takes for sudden, severe hemorrhage and a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time that is not corrected with plasma to concur in an individual. Treatment involves achieving hemostasis and eradicating the antibody. The former is achieved with recombinant activated factor VII or activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Cyclophosphamide, prednisone or rituximab are used to eradicate the antibody. Most cases of AH are not diagnosed, which translates into a high mortality rate. Given that awareness about the disease among physicians is low, it is not suspected, neither diagnosed, and nor is it treated. This document reviews the most recent data on AH and expands on its diagnosis and treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Autoantibodies/immunology , Factor VIII/immunology , Hemophilia A/immunology , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/etiology , Prognosis , Ecchymosis/etiology , Hemophilia A/complications , Hemophilia A/therapy , Hemophilia A/epidemiology , Hemorrhage/etiology , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
5.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 68(3): 227-242, mayo-jun. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-633546

ABSTRACT

The Committee of Latin America on the Therapeutics of Inhibitor Groups (CLOTTING) is composed of a number of hemophilia specialists from Latin America. The group aims to encourage the adoption of a good standard of care for Latin American patients with hemophilia. The occurrence of inhibitors in patients with hemophilia poses clinical challenges, and it is estimated that between 1000 and 3 000 patients in Latin America are affected by hemophilia with inhibitors. There is an urgent need to establish a regional consensus and clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. We present an extensive review based on best current clinical practice and published literature, as seen from a Latin American perspective, taking into account the variable nature of hemophilia care available in the various countries in this Region.


El Comité Latinoamericano sobre la Terapéutica de Personas con Inhibidores (CLOTTING) está compuesto por un grupo de especialistas en hemofilia de Latinoamérica. El objetivo del grupo es promover la adopción de un estándar de tratamiento óptimo para los pacientes con hemofilia en Latinoamérica. La prevalencia de inhibidores en pacientes con hemofilia en Latinoamérica determina desafíos clínicos y se estima que de 1000 a 3000 pacientes en esta región están afectados con hemofilia e inhibidores. Existe una necesidad urgente de establecer un consenso regional y guías clínicas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes. Nosotros presentamos una revisión exhaustiva basada en las mejores prácticas clínicas vigentes y en los datos publicados en la literatura, con una perspectiva latinoamericana, tomando en cuenta la variabilidad existente de los tratamientos de la hemofilia disponibles en los diferentes países de esta Región.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , Coagulants/administration & dosage , Factor IX/administration & dosage , Factor VIII/administration & dosage , Hemophilia A/drug therapy , Hemophilia B/drug therapy , Blood Coagulation Factors/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hemophilia A/classification , Hemophilia A/diagnosis , Hemophilia B/classification , Hemophilia B/diagnosis , Latin America , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Severity of Illness Index
6.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 144(3): 199-206, mayo-jun. 2008. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568071

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La enfermedad aterotrombótica es la causa de muerte más frecuente y la mayoría corresponde a infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM). Los menores de 45 años representan 5 a 10% de los IAM y es común que no sean portadores de factores de riesgo aterotrombótico clásicos. Métodos: Este estudio transversal analítico incluyó pacientes menores de 45 años con IAM, de uno y otro sexo, pareados por edad, sexo y grupo sanguíneo con sus respectivos controles, para analizar el impacto de diferentes factores de riesgo aterotrombótico sobre el IAM. Incluimos 160 casos y controles, 77 hombres y 83 mujeres. Resultados: El 25% de los pacientes tuvo aumento del factor VIII de la hemostasia (FVIII) vs. 8.8% en los controles. El FVIII promedio para pacientes y controles fue 134 mg/dl (IC 95%=114) vs. 118 mg/dl (IC 95%=128-140), respectivamente (p=0.001). La prevalencia de actividad alta del FVIII fue mayor que la de diabetes mellitus o hipertensión arterial. Paradójicamente, el colesterol HDL fue mayor en los pacientes que en los controles. Las únicas variables cuantitativas asociadas a IAM fueron la actividad alta del FVIII, la cuenta de monocitos en sangre periférica y el colesterol HDL. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo aterotrombótico clásicos no explican totalmente el IAM en jóvenes. El aumento de FVIII es un factor de riesgo moderado pero frecuente en la población joven con IAM.


BACKGROUND: Atherothrombotic disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Most casualties are due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Patients younger than 45 years account for 5-10% of AMI cases. These patients generally do not display typical atherothrombotic risk factors. METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included adult patients under 45; men and women with AMI were included. A control group of healthy individuals matched for age, sex, and blood group was included to determine the role of several atherothrombotic risk factors on AMI. One hundred and sixty patients were included, the control group was comprised by 77 males (m) and 83 females (f) RESULTS: Our results indicate that 25% of patients (23 m and 18 f) had increased FVIII compared with 8.8% of control subjects. Mean FVIII activity for patients and controls was 134 mg/dl (95%CI=114) vs. 118 mg/dl (95%CI=128-140), respectively (p=0.001). Prevalence of elevated FVIII was higher than the one found for hypertension or diabetes mellitus. HDL cholesterol was higher among patients than controls. Quantitative variables associated with AMI were high FVIII activity, blood monocyte count and HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Classical atherothrombotic risk factors do not fully explain AMI events in the young. High levels of FVIII activity is a moderate but common risk factor in young people suffering AMI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Factor VIII/analysis , Myocardial Infarction/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , Risk Factors
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